About the principles

The Government Centre for Dispute Resolution (GCDR) has developed the best practice principles drawing on our expertise and experience, as well as research and literature.

We have also developed a set of questions under each principle for agencies to use as a scheme assessment guide. This has been designed as a high-level guidance tool, rather than a detailed and comprehensive technical review.

The Standards in the Aotearoa best practice framework (the Framework) has more details on how to apply the principles.

Aotearoa best practice dispute resolution framework (the Framework)

The 5 principles are:

1. User-focussed and accessible
2. Independent and fair
3. Efficient
4. Effective
5. Accountable

How the principles can be applied

The principles can be applied:

• across the wider dispute resolution system
• to inform the design, delivery and review of particular dispute resolution schemes
• to inform practice when providing dispute resolution services.

Principle 1: User focussed and accessible

Users of dispute resolution services are at the centre of all aspects of the dispute resolution system. Dispute resolution is easy for potential users to find, enter and use regardless of their capabilities and resources.

Questions to determine if your scheme meets principle 1

User-focussed

• Were users directly involved in the scheme design? If not, were they consulted, and what was done with their feedback?
• Are specific user needs considered in all aspects of the design and delivery of the scheme (eg, are the processes responsive to language and cultural barriers and learning disabilities)? What has been done to accommodate these needs?
• Is there a way for users to provide feedback at any time (eg, a suggestions box)? What is done with this feedback (eg, is it considered in evaluations of the scheme)?

Awareness and promotion (find)

• How is the scheme promoted and awareness of it raised?
• What media is used to promote it (eg, online,posters, television)?
• Is information about the scheme easy to find and understand?
• Is the promotion material consistent across the different media and entry channels?

Access (enter)

• How easy is it for users to enter the scheme?
• Are there multiple channels of entry?
• Are there any barriers (real or perceived) for particular users?
• Is there a user fee? If so, is it reasonable and appropriate given the nature and value of disputes?

Use

• How easy is it for users to use the scheme (ie, engage in the process)? Is the process clear and simple?
• Are users given clear information about the steps in the process?
• Can users track their progress in the process?
• Are users able to use support people or lawyers in the process if required?
• What other help is available (eg, translators)?
• Do staff members have the necessary ability and training to deal appropriately with all users?

Jurisdiction

• Is the scheme’s jurisdiction clearly outlined (ie, what is in/out of scope and the extent of any powers)? Is the scheme’s financial jurisdiction clear (eg, thresholds for the value of disputes)?
• Is there a referral procedure for matters that are outside the scheme’s jurisdiction?

Access to justice

• Does the scheme allow for appropriate access to the formal justice system?
• Are users given the information they need to access the appropriate tribunal or court?

Principle 2: Independent and fair

Disputes are managed and resolved in accordance with applicable law and natural justice. All dispute resolution functions are, and are seen to be, carried out in an objective and unbiased way.

Questions to determine if your scheme meets principle 2

Independent

• Is the scheme as independent as possible?
• Is the scheme seen as sufficiently independent by users (user feedback) and other relevant stakeholders?

Conflict of interests

• Are there policies and procedures to identify and manage any conflicts of interest (both real and perceived)?
• Are conflicts of interest managed in a transparent way?

Participation

• Is participation in the scheme voluntary or mandatory? Is this appropriate to the context?
• If it is voluntary, can users base their decision to participate on full knowledge and understanding of the process and possible outcomes?
• Can users participate equally in the process (ie, what is done to address power imbalances)?

Procedural fairness

• Does the process adhere to clearly outlined and transparent procedural fairness standards?
• Is the process seen as fair by users (from user feedback) and other relevant stakeholders?

Determinative processes

• Is the decision-maker independent and objective?
• Is the basis for their decision-making clearly articulated?
• Does the determinative process comply with natural justice?
• Does the decision-maker provide reasons for their decision?
• If a decision is binding, what is the process for review or appeal?

Privacy and confidentiality

• Are there clear privacy policies and procedures in place?
• What is the extent of the confidentiality, and does it include outcomes?
• Is the level of confidentiality appropriate to the context?
• Does all monitoring and reporting comply with applicable privacy and confidentiality requirements?

Funding

• Is funding for the scheme as independent as possible?
• Are the funding arrangements transparent?
• Is the funding model (eg, publicly funded, cost recovery etc) appropriate in terms of independence and fairness

Unreasonable conduct

• Are there policies in place for dealing with unreasonable user conduct?
• Are staff trained in managing unreasonable conduct?

Principle 3: Efficient

Dispute resolution provides value for money through appropriate, proportionate, and timely responses to issues. It evolves and improves over time and makes good use of information to identify systemic issues.

Questions to determine if your scheme meets principle 3

Appropriate process

• How is self-resolution supported or encouraged?
• How is earliest resolution encouraged?
• Are disputes assessed and triaged?
• Are the scheme’s processes proportionate to the disputes (i.e., appropriate to the number, size, and complexity of issues)?
• Is there a clear procedure for dealing with frivolous or vexatious disputes?
• Is the scheme flexible enough to be able to change service delivery as necessary?

Timeliness

• Is timeliness considered in all the scheme’s procedures?
• How long does it take to complete each step in the scheme’s process, including acknowledgement, response, and resolution?
• Are time limits reasonable to facilitate speedy resolution without compromising quality?
• Are parties kept informed about the progress of their dispute through the process?

Intelligent system

• Does the scheme routinely collect and record dispute data and other information?
• Is scheme data and information regularly analysed to identify trends, underlying issues, and systemic problems?
• How does the scheme respond to the trends, underlying issues and systemic problems that are identified?

Cost

• What does the scheme cost government or industry to run?
• How cost-effective is it (given the number, size, nature and complexity of issues, the parties, and other contextual factors)?
• Does the scheme have the resources it needs to operate effectively and are they allocated appropriately?

Technology 

• Is appropriate technology (eg, case management systems, databases, on-line services) used to support the scheme’s work?

Principle 4: Effective

Dispute resolution delivers sustainable results and meets intended objectives. It fulfils its role in the wider government system by helping to minimise conflict and supporting a more productive and harmonious New Zealand.

Questions to determine if your scheme meets principle 4

Objectives

Does the scheme have clear objectives? What are they?

Is it meeting these objectives?

Outcomes

• How many disputes does the scheme deal with?
• What is the nature of those disputes?
• What are the outcomes?
• What is the durability of those outcomes?
• What is the recurrence rate of disputes?
• What is the escalation rate of disputes?
• Does the scheme assess user satisfaction, of both the process and outcome? If so, what are the levels of satisfaction?

Coverage

• Is the scheme’s scope appropriate and sufficient to allow it to deal with most of the relevant disputes?

Staff professionalism

• Do staff (including employees, contractors, dispute resolution practitioners etc) have the necessary skills, qualifications, and experience to perform their roles?
• What quality standards are in place for staff?
• How are these standards monitored and upheld?
• Is professional development provided?

Principle 5: Accountable

There is public confidence in dispute resolution. Those involved in its design and delivery are held to account for the quality of their performance. Regular monitoring and assessment and public reporting encourages ongoing improvement and better outcomes across the system.

Questions to determine if your scheme meets principle 5

Quality standards 

• Does the scheme outline, apply, and monitor adherence to quality standards?
• Are all required guidelines, procedures, and policies in place and available?

Monitoring

• Does the scheme set targets?
• Does the scheme have a system for gathering relevant data and tracking the disputes?
• What data does it collect?
• What analysis does it do of the data?

Evaluation

• Does the scheme have to follow an appropriate evaluation plan?
• Does the plan specify periodic evaluations, preferably done independently (ie, by an external third party)?
• Do these evaluations consider policy settings, scheme scope, user satisfaction levels and unprompted feedback, equitable access, and overall efficiency and effectiveness?
• Do the evaluations involve stakeholder, user and staff views?

Scheme review

• Does an independent review have to be done of the scheme within an agreed timeframe after it has been set up?

Reporting

• Does the scheme report regularly, and to whom?
• Does this include performance against its objectives, quality standards, targets, general data including outcome trends, and issues arising?
• How often is it published?

Complaints

• Does the scheme have an internal complaints process?
• How is it made available to users?
• How is data about complaints collected, monitored, analysed and published?
• How is information about other relevant external avenues of complaint (eg, the Ombudsman’s Office) made available to users?

Determinative process

• Are determinative decisions publicly available?

Staff well-being

• Does the scheme have systems in place to support staff well-being and protect their identity and other personal information where required?